DEP
Imposes TMDLs on the Norwalk River
What
is a TMDL and what does it mean for the river, the watershed,
and area residents?
The
letters in TMDL stand for Total Maximum Daily
Load. EPA defines a TMDL as "a calculation of the maximum
amount of a single pollutant - from all contributing point
and nonpoint sources - that a waterbody can receive and still
meet water quality standards [without adverse impact to fish,
wildlife, recreation, or other public uses]...." That calculation
must include a margin of safety and account for seasonal variations
in water quality.
The
Clean Water Act of 1972, section 303, established the water
quality standards and TMDL programs. The Act, which has had
subsequent revisions, also required the states to identify
the waters not meeting the standards [303(d) list], to set
priorities for TMDL development, to develop a TMDL for each
pollutant for each listed waterbody, to detail a Water Quality
Management Plan with quantitative goals for implementing the
load allocations and for reducing the pollutants using a variety
of regulatory and nonregulatory approaches, and to provide
the public with the opportunity to comment on the plan.
The
State of Connecticut identified the Norwalk River as a Class
B river, i.e., fishable and swimmable, and stocks the
river as part of its recreational programs. The Norwalk could
not be classified as a Class A river (drinking water potential),
even though the Kellogg/ Deering wellfields off the river
help supply Norwalk First Taxing District's water supplies,
because the river is impaired.
The
1996 Streamwalk had identified 132 impaired sites, and DEP
listed the Norwalk River as failing to meet its designated
uses for 1) contact recreation (because of fecal coliform
bacteria), 2) aquatic life support (perhaps from high temperatures
or toxic ammonia levels), and 3) migratory fish passage (because
of dams). A more complete list of cited impairments that degrade
water quality include bacteria, high water temperature, decreased
dissolved oxygen, increased algal growth, restricted flows,
extra high and low flows, loss of riparian habitat, altered
streambanks, channelization in developed areas, historic industrial
spills, contaminated sediments, hydrocarbons, metals, and
dams.
Pollution
comes from both point and nonpoint sources. Point sources
would include malfunctioning sewage treatment plants and other
distinct sources. [The river accepts treated effluent from
four sewage treatment plants: upstream at two in Ridgefield
and one in Georgetown, and one at the harbor in Norwalk.]
Nonpoint sources typically come from malfunctioning septic
systems, urban runoff, and both permitted stormwater discharge
and runoff from fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and manure
from wildlife (waterfowl, horses, and pets). Indentification
of problem areas and education of the public to improve them
will make a difference to nonpoint pollution.
Besides
education, how is NRWA trying to help improve the water quality?
Early in 2001, NRWA and representatives from Harbor Watch/River
Watch and the NRW Initiative went to Hartford and met with
representatives from DEP and EPA to request that TMDLs be
imposed on the entire river to encourage all factions to improve
water quality. Years of testing by Harbor Watch/RiverWatch
had documented little improvement. Clearly new incentives
were needed to force action. Four months later DEP did impose
TMDLs on the entire river and in March 2002 identified the
testing sites to benchmark problem areas and improvements.
Meanwhile,
NRWA is working to have Ridgefield extend by two months the
operation time of its ultraviolet lights, which dramatically
reduce coliform counts at the two Ridgefield plants, to encompass
April through October, the most likely times for river contact
through swimming and fishing (although fishing season continues
through February). The Town of Redding has historically voluntarily
engaged its UV lights all year long*.
NRWA
is also funding additional water tests by Harbor Watch/River
Watch at other polluted areas to pinpoint problem sources
and to quantify ammonia and nitrogen/phosphorous levels that
seriously threaten aquatic life. This information is useful
for establishing TMDLs and upgrading sewer permits.
TMDLs
are a great incentive to identify pollution sources and the
improvements needed to effect better water quality. Under
a TMDL additional technical help becomes available, as well
as certain loans and grants. Those Mayors or First Selectmen
who sign onto the program for their towns - all of which have
in the past supported the Norwalk River Watershed Action Plan
and its important goals - can expect government support for
the improvements they would like to make for the safety of
their constituents now and in the future.
*Note:
The Town of Redding would put on its lights if it could, but
it has been having problem with its UV lights, so they aren't
working properly.
For
additional information check: http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/states/ctfact.html
; Clean Water Network: www.cwn.org:
Status
Reports March 2000 The Clean Water Act: An Owner's Manual,
pp. 81-89; The River Network: www.rivernetwork.org
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